carrying through

διᾰγωγ-ή, ἡ,

A carrying across,

τριήρων Polyaen.5.2.6

.

2 lit. carrying through: hence metaph., ἡ διὰ πάντων αὐτῶν δ. taking a person through a subject by instruction, Pl.Ep. 343e; so, course of instruction, lectures, ἐν τῇ ἐνεστώσῃ δ. prob. in Phld.Piet.25.

II passing of life, way or course of life,

δ. βίου Pl.R. 344e

: abs., Id.Tht. 177a, etc.

2 way of passing time, amusement,

δ. μετὰ παιδιᾶς Arist.EN 1127b34

, cf. 1177a27;

δ. ἐλευθέριος Id.Pol. 1339b5

; διαγωγαὶ τοῦ συζῆν public pastimes, ib. 1280b37, cf. Plu.126b (pl.).

3 delay, D.C. 57.3.

III management, τῶν πραγμάτων δ. dispatch of business, Id.48.5.

IV station for ships, f. l. in Hdn.4.2.8.

V διαγωγάν· διαίρεσιν, διανομήν, διέλευσιν, Hsch.

ὁ N 3 5-0-0-0-0=5 Ex 38,4(37,5).10(37,14).11(37,15); 39,14 (35); 40,20

pole running through rings, stave (for carrying the ark)

Cf. LE BOULLUEC 1989 256.364

διωσ-τήρ, ῆρος, ὁ,

A instrument for pushing out embedded weapons, ibid.

II pole running through rings, for carrying the ark, LXXEx.38.10 (37.13).

σπεῖρα, ἡ,

A anything twisted or wound, ποιεῖν τι οἷον σπεῖραν twist it into a ball, Hp.Morb. 2.33.

2 pl., coils or spires of a serpent, S.Fr. 535 (anap.), Ar.Fr. 500; πολύπλοκοι ς. E.Med. 481, cf. Ion 1164: so in sg., Nic.Th. 156, A.R.4.151, Arat.47,89, etc.

3 rope, cord, Nic.Fr. 74.21, f.l. in Hp.Steril.235; σπείραισι δικτυοκλώστοις with the net's meshy folds, S.Ant. 346 (lyr.); ship's cable, Plu.2.507b; padded circle used by women carrying weights on their head, Aët. 12.55; so by Atlas, Apollod.2.5.11; as a lamp-stand,

ἀρτεμισίας σ. ἐπὶ τὸν λύχνον PMag.Lond.121.601

(cf.

σπειρίον 111

); round cushion, IG5(1).1390.24 (Andania, i B.C.).

4 a mode of dressing the hair, Poll.2.31, 4.149.

5 σ. βόειαι thongs or straps of ox-hide to guard and arm a boxer's fist, Theoc.22.80.

6 knot or curl in wood, Thphr.HP5.2.3, Plin.HN16.198.

7 a kind of cheesecake (al. σπῖρα), Chrysipp. Tyan. ap. Ath.14.647d.

8 rounded moulding in the base of an Ionic or Corinthian column, torus, IG12.372.64, Sardis 7(1) No.181 (i A.D.), CIG 2713-14 ([place name] Labranda), Poll.7.121, Vitr.3.5.3.

9 Geom., anchor-ring, tore, produced by revolution of a circle about a line in its plane but not passing through the centre, Hero *Deff.97, Procl. in Euc.p.119 F.

II Milit., tactical unit, in the Ptolemaic army, BGU1806.4 (i B.C.); used to translate the Roman manipulus, Plb.11.23.1, al., Str.12.3.18, Plu.Aem.17; κατὰ σπείρας,= Lat. manipulatim, Plb.3.115.12; later, cohort, Act.Ap.10.1, J.BJ3.4.2, IGRom.1.10 ([place name] Massilia), 1373 ([place name] Egypt), al., OGI208.2 (Nubia, ii A.D.), al. (gen. in this sense always σπείρης, Act.Ap. l.c., POxy.477.3 (ii A.D.), BGU73 (ii A.D.), OGIl.c., etc.).

2 = θίασος, religious college or guild, gen.

σπείρης IG14.925

(Portus Trajani); dat. σπείρῃ ib.977 ([place name] Rome), Inscr.Perg.319,320; nom.

σπεῖρα AEM 14.28

([place name] Roumania); Lat. spira, CIL 6.261 ([place name] Rome), al. (cf. σπειράρχης).

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `yoke' (Il.), also metaph., e. g. of a cross-wood, of the rowing benches connecting the two ship sides, of the tongue of a balance, of a pair, of a row or a rank of soldiers (oppos. στοῖχος), as land measure.

Other forms: Hell. mostly - ός m., rarely earlier, s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 37.)

Compounds: Often in compp., e. g. πολύ-ζυγος `with many rowing benches', ζυγό-δεσμον `yoke-straps' (Il.), also ζυγη-φόρος `carrying a yoke' (A., analog.-metr. beside ζυγο-φόρος; Schwyzer 439 n. 1).

Derivatives: Seberal deriv.: 1. ζύγιον `rowing bench' (hell.). 2. ζυγίσκον meaning unclear (IG 2<sup>2</sup>, 1549, 9, Eleusis, + 300<sup>a</sup>). 3. ζύγαινα the hammer-headed shark (Epich., Arist.; after the shape of the skull, Strömberg Fischnamen 35). 4. ζυγίς `thyme' (Dsc.; motivation of the name unknown, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 56). 5. ζούγωνερ (= *ζύγωνες) βόες ἐργάται. Λάκωνες H. 6. ζυγίτης name of a rower (sch.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 44), f. ζυγῖτις Hera as goddess of marriage (Nicom. ap. Phot.; Redard 209). 7. ζυγία `maple' (Thphr.) prop. "yoke-wood" (s. Strömberg Theophrastea 114), because the hard maple was mainly used to make yokes (so even now in southern Italy), Rohlfs WB VI and 86; also Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 57, Dawkins JournofHellStud. 56, 1f.; diff. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 56 (after the pairwise attached fruits). 8. ζύγαστρον `wooden cist, chest' s.v. σίγιστρον - Adject. 9. ζύγιος `belonging to the yoke etc.' (Att. etc.; also as nautical expression, s. Morrison Class. Quart. 41, 128ff.). 10. ζύγιμος `id.' (Plb.; s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 94). 11. ζυγικός `belonging to the tongue of a balance' (Nicom. Harm.). Adv. ζυγ-άδην (Ph.), ζυγ-ηδόν (Hld.) `pairwise'. - Denomin. verbs: 1. ζυγόω `yoke, connect (through a cross-wood), shut, hold the balance' (A., hell.) with ζύγωμα `bar, cross-rod' (Plb.), ζύγωσις `balancing' (hell.), *ζύγωθρον in the denomin. aor. ipv. ζυγώθρισον (Ar. Nu. 745; meaning uncertain, `weigh' or `shut'?). 2. ζυγέω `form a row or rank' (Plb.). - Beside ζυγόν as 2. member the verbal root - ζυξ, e. g. ἄ-ζυξ `unconnected, unmarried', ὁμό-, σύ-ζυξ `yoked together, connected' (also ἄ-, ὁμό-, σύ-ζυγος), s. Chantraine REGr. 59-60, 231f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [508} * ieug- `connect'

Etymology: Old name of a device, retained in most IE languages, e. g. Hitt. iugan, Skt. yugám, Lat. iugum, Germ., e. g. Goth. juk, IE *i̯ugóm; more forms Pok. 509f., W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. iugum. - The root noun - ζυξ also in Lat. con-iux `spouse', Skt. a-yúj- `not forming a pair, uneven' (formally = ἄ-ζυξ except the accent), sa-yúj- `connected, companion' a. o. - Cf. ζεύγνυμι and ζεῦγος. Rix, Hist. Gramm. 60, 70 suggests Hi̯-, which is still uncertain.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `vessel, device', mostly pl. `house-, ship-equipment, weapon, armour, luggage' (IA.).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. σκευο-φόρος `carrying luggage, luggage-carrier' (IA.), σκευ-ωρός `luggage-watcher' (Cratin.) with - ωρέομαι, - ωρέω, - ωρία, - ώρημα `to look after, through the luggage, to instigate (slyly)' (D., Arist. etc.), later also σκαιωρέομαι etc. (after σκαιός); as 2. member in ἀ-σκευής `without equipment' (Hdt.).

Derivatives: σκευή f. `armour, clothing, wear' (IA.); as 2. member e.g. ὁμό-σκευος `with equal armour' (Th.); to this very often w. prefix: παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι-σκευή a.o. as backformations to παρα-σκευάζω etc. (cf. below). -- Diminut.: σκευ-άριον n. `small device' (Ar. a. o.), `simple wear' (Pl. Alc. 1, 113e), - ύφιον n. `small device' (Lyd.). -- Secondary formation: σκευ-άζω, - άζομαι, aor. σκευ-άσαι, - άσασθαι, very often w. prefix, παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι- etc. in diff. shades of meaning, `to equip, to arm, to dress, to prepare etc.' (IA. since h. Merc.); from there, mostly to the prefixcompp., σκεύ-ασις, - άσιμος, - ασία, - ασμα, - αστός, - αστής, - αστι-κός; also παρασκευ-ή etc. (s. above). Denominative ἐπι-, κατα-σκευ-όω (: ἐπι-, κατα-σκευή) = - ἀζω (Argos, Crete, Delphi a. o.), σκευοῦσθαι = ἑτοιμάζεσθαι H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [950] * (s)keu- `prepare(?)'

Etymology: The nouns σκεῦος, -ή (for *σκεῦσος, - σά because of the retained ευ-diphthongs?; cf. Schwyzer 348 Zus. 4) look like primary formations and presuppose as such the former existence of a primary verb, approx. *σκεῦ[σ]-σαι, *σκεύ[σ]-ι̯ω, which must have been replaced by the second., denomin. or deverbat., σκευ-άζω. -- Expression of every-day language, prob. inherited, but without convincing etymology. Hypotheses by Prellwitz (to Lith. šáu-ju, -ti `shut, scove', Russ. sovátь `shove, sting, push', OHG sciozan `shut' a. o.; cf. Vasmer s. v.); by Zupitza Germ. Gutt. 122 (to OWNo. høyja, OE hēgan `carry out', Slav., e.g. OCS prě-kutiti `adorn'; cf. Vasmer s. kutítь). WP. 2, 546, Pok. 950f. Older lit. in Curtius 169.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `basket' (IA etc.) (on the anlaut σπ- σπυρίς σφ- Hiersche Ten. asp. 201 ff.).

Other forms: σφυρίς (Hp. v. l., hell. a. late), - ίδος

Compounds: σπυριδο-φόρος `basket-carrying' (pap. II^a)

Derivatives: Dimin. σπυρ-ίδιον (com. a.o.; σφ- hell. pap.), - ίχνιον (Poll.; like κυλίχνη a. o.); also - ιδώδης `basketlike', - ιδόν adv. `in form of a basket' (sch.). -- Instrumentname in - ίς as σκαφίς, γλυφίς a. o.; whether first from a noun (*σπυρός v.t.) or directly from a verb, cannot be decided. As "twined basket" to (IE) * sper- `wind, twine' in σπάρ-τον, σπεῖρα a. o. with υ-vowel from syllabic r (?).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)

Etymology: --The variation shows that the word is Pre-Greek. Furnée 241 compares further σύριχος (Alex.), σύρισσος (Poll.), σύρισκος (H.), ὑριχός (Ar.), ὕρισχος (Phryn.), ὑρίσκος (H.), ὑρίσσος (H.), all `twined basket', if from *σϜύριχος. -- Lat. LW [loanword] sporta (from σπυρίδα; through Etruscan?); s. W.-Hofmann s. v. w. lit.

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Παῦλος, ου, ὁ Paul, a Roman surname (never a praenomen), found in lit. (e.g. Diod S 14, 44, 1; 15, 76, 1), ins, pap; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3)

① Sergius Paulus s. Σέργιος.

② Paul, the apostle of Jesus Christ; fr. the beginning he bore the Israelite name Saul as well as the Graeco-Roman Paul (difft. e.g. HDessau, Her 45, 1910, 347–68 and EMeyer III 197; s. GHarrer, HTR 33, ’40, 19–33.—Σαούλ 2 and Σαῦλος), prob. born in Tarsus (s. Ταρσός), and perh. brought up there (but s. WvUnnik, Tarsus or Jerusalem, ’62), born a Roman citizen. He was educated in Mosaic tradition, but was not untouched by the syncretistic thought-world in which he lived. At first he was a zealous Pharisee and as such a vehement foe of Christians, but his perspective was changed by a vision of Jesus Christ (OKietzig, D. Bekehrg. d. Pls ’32; EPfaff, Die Bekehrg. d. hl. Pls in d. Exegese des 20. Jahrh. ’42; CBurchard, Der Dreizehnte Zeuge, ’70, 126 n. 278 [lit. since ’54]). Most prominent of the apostles to the nations/gentiles. As such he worked in Nabataean Arabia, Syria, and Cilicia, traveled through Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece, and planned a missionary journey via Italy to Spain (s. Σπανία). He was prevented fr. carrying out this plan (at least at this time) by his subsequent arrest in Jerusalem and the lawsuit connected w. it (NVeldhoen, Het Proces van den Ap. Pls 1924; ESpringer, D. Proz. des Ap. Pls: PJ 218, 1929, 182–96; HCadbury, Roman Law and the Trial of Paul: Beginn. I/5, ’33, 297–338). He reached Rome only as a prisoner (on the journey FDavies, St. Paul’s Voyage to Rome ’31), and was prob. executed there: Ac 9 and 13–28; Ro 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1, 12f; 3:4f, 22; 16:21; 2 Cor 1:1; 10:1; Gal 1:1; 5:2; Eph 1:1; 3:1; Phil 1:1; Col 1:1, 23; 4:18; 1 Th 1:1; 2:18; 2 Th 1:1; 3:17; 1 Ti 1:1; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1; Phlm 1, 9, 19; 2 Pt 3:15; Pol 9:1; (11:2, 3). AcPl Ant 13, 9 recto and 15 verso (= Aa I 237, 1f) and 66 times AcPl Ha, including once ὁ μακάριος Π. AcPl Ha 3, 27; the same 4 times in AcPlCor. ὁ μακάριος Π. ὁ ἀπόστολος 1 Cl 47:1. Π. ὁ ἡγιασμένος, ὁ μεμαρτυρημένος, ἀξιομακάριστος IEph 12:2. ὁ μακάριος καὶ ἔνδοξος Π. Pol 3:2. Mentioned w. Peter 1 Cl 5:5; IRo 4:3.—S. also ApcEsdr 5:22 p. 30, 24 Tdf.; with John ApcEsdr 1:19 p. 25, 13 Tdf.—CClemen, Paulus 1904, where the older lit. is given. Other lit. in RBultmann, TRu n.s. 6, ’34, 229–46; 8, ’36, 1–22; WLyons and MParvis, NT Literature 1943–45, ’48, 225–39; GBornkamm, RGG³ V, ’61, 189f; ABD s.v.—ADeissmann, Pls² 1925 (Eng. tr. WWilson 1926); EvDobschütz, Der Ap. Pls I 1926; LMurillo, Paulus 1926; KPieper, Pls., Seine missionarische Persönlichkeit u. Wirksamkeit^2,3 1929; EBaumann, Der hl. Pls 1927; PFeine, Der Ap. Pls 1927; RLiechtenhan, Pls 1928; HLietzmann, Gesch. d. Alten Kirche I ’32, 102–31; JStewart, A Man in Christ ’36; CScott, St. Paul, the Man and the Teacher ’36; ANock, St. Paul ’38; TGlover, Paul of Tarsus ’38; CYver, S. Paul ’39; VGrÿnbech, Paulus ’40; WvLoewenich, Pls ’40; DRiddle, Paul, Man of Conflict ’40; EBuonaiuti, San Paolo ’41; JBover, San Pablo ’41; EAllo, Paul ’42; JKlausner, Fr. Jesus to Paul ’43; EGoodspeed, Paul ’47; JKnox, Chapters in a Life of Paul ’50; MDibelius, Paulus ’51; ²’56, with WKümmel (Eng. tr. FClarke ’53); EFascher, Pauly-W. Suppl. VIII 431–66, ’57.—FPrat, La théologie de S. Paul 1924f (Eng. tr. JStoddard ’57); CScott, Christianity Acc. to St. Paul 1928; OMoe, Apostolen Pls’ Forkyndelse og Laere 1928; AKristoffersen, Åpenbaringstanke og misjonsforkynnelse hos Pls, diss. Upps. ’38; RGuardini, Jes. Chr. I (in Paul) ’40; ChGuignebert, Le Christ ’43, 3 (Paulinisme).—A Schweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930 (Eng. tr. WMontgomery ’31); MGoguel, La Mystique Paulin.: RHPhr 11, ’31, 185–210; MDibelius, Pls u. d. Mystik ’41; AFaux, L’ Orphisme et St. Paul: RHE 27, ’31, 245–92; 751–91; HWindisch, Pls u. Christus, E. bibl.-rel. gesch. Vergleich ’34.—EEidem, Det kristna Livet enligt Pls I 1927; MEnslin, The Ethics of Paul 1930; LMarshall, The Challenge of NT Ethics ’46; DWhiteley, The Theol. of St. Paul, ’64.—APuukko, Pls u. d. Judentum: Studia Orientalia 2, 1928, 1–86; HWindisch, Pls u. d. Judentum ’35; NMansson, Paul and the Jews ’47; WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles ’39.—ASteinmann, Z. Werdegang des Pls. Die Jugendzeit in Tarsus 1928; EBarnikol, D. vorchristl. u. früchristl. Zeit des Pls 1929; AOepke, Probleme d. vorchristl. Zeit des Pls: StKr 105, ’33, 387–424; GBornkamm, D. Ende des Gesetzes, Paulusstudien ’52.—WKümmel, Jes. u. Pls: ThBl 19, ’40, 209–31; ASchlatter, Jes. u. Pls ’40; WDavies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism ⁴’80.—GRicciotti, Paul the Apostle (Eng. tr. AlZizzamia) ’53; JSevenster, Paul and Seneca, ’61; H-JSchoeps, Paulus ’59 (Engl. tr. HKnight, ’61); BMetzger, Index to Periodical Lit. on Paul ’60; Wv Loewenich, Paul: His Life and Works (transl. GHarris), ’60; WSchmithals, Paul and James (transl. DBarton), ’65; EGüttgemanns, D. Leidende Apostel, ’66; HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT ’66, 165–80; SPorter, The Paul of Acts ’99; additional lit. HBetz, ABD V 199–201.—LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW.

τελέω fut. τελέσω; 1 aor. ἐτέλεσα; pf. τετέλεκα. Pass.: 1 fut. τελεσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐτελέσθην; perf. τετέλεσμαι (Hom.+).

① to complete an activity or process, bring to an end, finish, complete τὶ someth. ταῦτα Hs 8, 2, 5. τὸν δρόμον (Il. 23, 373; 768; Soph., El. 726) 2 Ti 4:7. τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:28; 19:1; 26:1 (cp. Just., D. 110, 1). τὰς παραβολὰς ταύτας 13:53. τὴν μαρτυρίαν Rv 11:7. τὴν εὐχήν GJs 9:1. τὴν ἐξήγησιν Hv 3, 7, 4. τὰ γράμματα 2, 1, 4. τελέσας τὴν χαράκωσιν when he had finished the fencing Hs 5, 2, 3. τελεῖν πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὸν νόμον Lk 2:39 (τελ. πάντα as Jos., Ant. 16, 318). τελ. τὰς πόλεις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ finish (going through) the cities of Israel Mt 10:23 (on this pass. KWeiss, Exegetisches z. Irrtumslosigkeit u. Eschatologie Jesu Christi 1916, 184–99; JDupont, NovT 2, ’58, 228–44; AFeuillet, CBQ 23, ’61, 182–98; MKünzi, Das Naherwartungslogion Mt 10:23, ’70 [history of interp.]). Foll. by a ptc. to designate what is finished (B-D-F §414, 2; Rob. 1121; cp. Josh 3:17; JosAs 15:12) ἐτέλεσεν διατάσσων Mt 11:1. Cp. Lk 7:1 D; Hv 1, 4, 1.—Pass. be brought to an end, be finished, completed of the building of the tower (cp. 2 Esdr 5:16; 16: 15) Hv 3, 4, 1f; 3, 5, 5; 3, 9, 5; Hs 9, 5, 1; 9, 10, 2 (τὸ ἔργον). τελεσθέντος τοῦ δείπνου GJs 6:3 (TestAbr A 5 p. 81, 32 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 21:8). ὡς … ἐτελέσθη ὁ πλοῦς AcPl Ha 7, 35. Of time come to an end, be over (Hom. et al.; Aristot., HA 7, 1, 580a, 14 ἐν τοῖς ἔτεσι τοῖς δὶς ἑπτὰ τετελεσμένοις; Lucian, Alex. 38) Lk 2:6 D; sim. τοῦ ἐξεῖναι τὸν Παῦλον εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην AcPl Ha 6, 15; τὰ χίλια ἔτη Rv 20:3, 5, 7. πάντα τετέλεσται J 19:28 (GDalman, Jesus-Jeschua 1922, 211–18 [tr. PLevertoff 1929, same pages].—Diagoras of Melos in Sext. Emp., Adv. Math. 9, 55 κατὰ δαίμονα κ. τύχην πάντα τελεῖται=‘everything is accomplished acc. to divine will and fortune’; an anonymous writer of mimes [II A.D.] in OCrusius, Herondas⁵ [p. 110–16] ln. 175 τοῦτο τετέλεσται); cp. τετέλεσται used absolutely in vs. 30 (if these two verses are to be taken as referring to the carrying out [s. 2 below] of divine ordinances contained in the Scriptures, cp. Diod S 20, 26, 2 τετελέσθαι τὸν χρησμόν=the oracle had been fulfilled; Ael. Aristid. 48, 7 K.=24 p. 467 D.: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός• τετέλεσται τὸ πρόσταγμα. Cp. Willibald Schmidt, De Ultimis Morientium Verbis, diss. Marburg 1914. OCullmann, TZ 4, ’48, 370 interprets the two verses in both a chronological and theol. sense. Diod S 15, 87, 6 reports the four last sayings of Epaminondas, two in indirect discourse and the other two in direct. S. also the last words of Philip s.v. πληρόω 5).—ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται power finds its consummation or reaches perfection in (the presence of) weakness 2 Cor 12:9. The passives in Rv 10:7 (the aor. suggests the ‘final clearing up of all the insoluble riddles and problems of human life’: EBlakeney, The Epistle to Diognetus ’43, ’67); 15:1, 8; 17:17 belong under 2 as well as here.

② to carry out an obligation or demand, carry out, accomplish, perform, fulfill, keep τὶ someth. (Hom.+. Of rites, games, processions, etc., dedicated to a divinity or ordained by it: Eur., Bacch. 474 τὰ ἱερά; Pla., Laws 775a; X., Resp. Lac. 13, 5; Plut., Mor. 671 al.; Just., A II, 12, 5 μυστήρια; Mel., P. 16, 102 μυστήριον al.; in ins freq. of public service, e.g. IPriene 111, 22 an embassy) τὸν νόμον carry out the demands of, keep the law Ro 2:27; Js 2:8. τὴν ἐντολήν Hs 5, 2, 4 (Jos., Bell. 2, 495 τὰς ἐντολάς). τὸ ἔργον (Theogn. 914; Apollon. Rhod. 4, 742; Sir 7:25) 2:7a; 5, 2, 7. τὴν διακονίαν m 2:6ab; 12, 3, 3; Hs 2:7b; pass. m 2:6c. τὰς διακονίας Hs 1:9. τὴν νηστείαν 5, 1, 5; 5, 3, 8. ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς τελεῖν carry out what the flesh desires, satisfy one’s physical desires (Artem. 3, 22; Achilles Tat. 2, 13, 3 αὑτῷ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τελέσαι) Gal 5:16. ὡς ἐτέλεσαν πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένα when they had carried out everything that was written (in the Scriptures) concerning him Ac 13:29 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 59 §243 τὸ κεκριμένον τ.=carry out what was decided upon). Pass. Lk 18:31; 22:37 (cp. pass. cited 1, end). ἕως ὅτου τελεσθῇ until it (the baptism) is accomplished Lk 12:50. ἵνα ὁ τύπος τελεσθῇ in order that the type might be fulfilled B 7:3.

③ to pay what is due, pay (Hom., Pla., et al.; pap; Jos., Ant. 2, 192 al.) φόρους (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 123a τὸν φόρον; Appian, Syr. 44 §231; PFay 36, 14 [111/12 A.D.]; Philo, Agr. 58; Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Just., A I, 17, 2 φόρους τελεῖν [Luke 20:22]; Tat. 4:1) Ro 13:6. τὰ δίδραχμα Mt 17:24. V.l. for τελευτάω Papias (4).—B. 797. DELG s.v. τέλος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

χάρισμα, ατος, τό (χαρίζομαι) that which is freely and graciously given, favor bestowed, gift (Sir 7:33 v.l.; 38:30 v.l.; Theod. Ps 30:22; TestSol; OdeSol 11:10; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 78 [twice]: γενέσεως δὲ οὐδὲν χάρισμα and δωρεὰ καὶ εὐεργεσία καὶ χάρισμα θεοῦ; SibOr 2, 54 θεοῦ χ.; Just., D. 82, 1; 88, 1.—Alciphron 3, 17, 4 [it is poss. that this comes fr. Attic comedy: Kock III p. 677]; BGU 1044, 4 [IV A.D.] of benefits bestowed. Other non-Jewish/Christian exx. of the word come fr. later times: BGU 551, 3; PLond I, 77, 24 p. 233; Sb 4789, 7; Achmes 4, 13; Nicetas Eugen. 6, 537f) in our lit. only of gifts of divine beneficence.

ⓐ gener., the earthly goods bestowed by God D 1:5. The privileges granted to the people of Israel Ro 11:29. The gracious gift of rescue fr. mortal danger 2 Cor 1:11. The spiritual possession of the believer Ro 1:11 (χάρισμα πνευματικόν); 1 Cor 1:7; ISm ins; IPol 2:2. The gracious gift of redemption Ro 5:15f; IEph 17:2. τὸ χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιος Ro 6:23.

ⓑ of special gifts of a non-material sort, bestowed through God’s generosity on individual Christians 1 Pt 4:10; 1 Cl 38:1. Of the gift for carrying out special tasks, mediated by the laying on of hands 1 Ti 4:14; 2 Ti 1:6. Of the power to be continent in sexual matters 1 Cor 7:7. Of spiritual gifts in a special sense (Just., D. 82, 1 and Iren. 5, 6, 1 [Harv. II 334, 2] προφητικὰ χ.; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 46, 12; Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 2) Ro 12:6; 1 Cor 12:4, 9, 28, 30, 31.—S. in addition to the lit. s.v. γλῶσσα 3 also GWetter, Charis 1913, 168–87; EBuonaiuti, I Carismi: Ricerche religiose 4, 1928 259–61; FGrau, Der ntliche Begriff Χάρισμα, diss. Tübingen ’47; HHCharles, The Charismatic Life in the Apost. Church, diss. Edinburgh, ’58; APiepkorn, CTM 42, ’71, 369–89 (NT and Ap. Fathers); ENardoni, The Concept of Charism in Paul: CBQ 55, ’93, 68–80; TRE VII 688–93.—DELG s.v. χάρις. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀφορμή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀφορμάω) lit. a base or circumstance from which other action becomes possible, such as the starting-point or base of operations for an expedition, then gener. the resources needed to carry through an undertaking (e.g. even commercial capital), in our lit. (also Ar. 2, 7; Just.; Tat.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5; Ath., R. 49, 235 al.) a set of convenient circumstances for carrying out some purpose occasion, opportunity for someth., a meaning found in Attic Gk. and also quite common in the Koine (Nägeli 15) ἐκκόπτειν τὴν ἀ. τῶν θελόντων ἀ. cut off the opportunity of those who wish an opportunity 2 Cor 11:12 (numerous transl. var. render: ‘cut the ground out from under those who look for opportunity’); ἀ. διδόναι τινί (Polyb. 28, 6, 7 μὴ διδόναι τ. ἐχθροῖς ἀφορμὴν εἰς διαβολήν; Pr 9:9; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 200; cp. Diod S 1, 83; 13, 22, 5; 3 Macc 3:2) give someone an occasion: τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ λοιδορίας χάριν to the opponent for reviling 1 Ti 5:14; excuse (to future believers for moral laxity) Hm 4, 3, 3; τινός for someth. 2 Cor 5:12 (for the gen. cp. Epict. 1, 8, 6; 1, 9, 20; Dio Chrys. 16 [33], 38; Jos., Bell. 7, 441, Ant. 5, 57); ἀ. διδόναι τινί, ἵνα Hm 4, 1, 11. Pl. (Polyb., Epict., Vett. Val.; IPriene 105, 13 and 16; Joseph.) ἀφορμὰς διδόναι τινί, ἵνα ITr 8:2; ἀ. λαμβάνειν (a favorite expr.; e.g. in Polyb.; Dionys. Hal.; Philo, In Flacc. 47; Ar. 11, 7 ἀφορμήν; cp. Just., A I, 44, 9 ἀφορμάς) grasp an opportunity Ro 7:8, 11; w. gen. of the one who gives the opportunity Lk 11:53/54 v.l. (the expr. ἀ. ζητεῖν is used difft. POxy 34 III, 13 ἀ. ζητοῦντες ἁμαρτημάτων=looking for opportunity to commit illegal acts). W. εἴς τι for someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 53 §222 ἔχειν ἀφορμὴν ἔς τι; Philo) 2 Cl 16:1; εἰς ἀ. τῇ σαρκί to give the flesh an opportunity (to become active) Gal 5:13.—M-M. TW. Sv.